格萨尔王

是莲花生大士幻化的化身大王，能显现种种神通，一生戎马，扬善抑恶，弘扬佛法，降服了佛教之大敌魔及霍尔等。藏传佛教认为该神为造福雪域臣民，广开各种财富之伏藏，以战神之王姿态住世，为供奉者赐予财运，护持家业。

格萨尔王头戴战盔，盔缨呈幢形，缨顶插两面小旗。身穿铠甲，面相英武，腰系箭袋，左手执长矛，矛缨彩旗飘扬，右手中战鞭高扬，侧身跨战马，站立在莲座上。在格萨尔绘像上方有众神放出的各种动物。妃子珠牡和梅萨胁伺左右。

一髻佛母

藏名阿松妈，意即密咒护持母，梵名艾嘎乍纪，汉译独发母或一发母，乃宁玛巴之主要三不共智慧护法之一，司护持出世间法之一切成就。

一髻佛母，一面二臂，身青黑色或褐红色，独目居于额头中央，独齿尖锐有如普巴杵，牙尖向下，一发撑天，头戴五骷冠，独乳居胸正中，右手高举人尸，左手执魔心与豺狼，身披人皮衣，下着虎皮裙，项挂五十鲜血人首，隆乳蜂腰圆腹，足以右曲左伸姿，成立于日莲尸座上。

一髻佛母乃普贤王佛母所示现之大护法，故其形之特点皆表法身一体。此一发、一目、一齿、一乳等，并非为单一之一，而是整体之一，盖表充遍法界之整体也。一髻佛母属智慧护法，护持行人世间之成就，是求福德之修法。

Ra哈拉护法

又名毗纽天、摧敌大遍入护法。遍入者是为能够自在摄入五大——地、水、火、风、空也，亦是宁玛巴三大不共护法之一，司护持降伏法成就。

此尊住怖畏尸陀林恶园，血脂波涛之内。罗候魔曜，身烟灰色，有九首，顶有老鸦首。九首皆载五骷髅冠，披人皮，下着虎皮裙，项挂鲜血人首，以蛇饰骨饰为身庄严。四臂主二手持弓箭作射状，右次手执摩羯海怪幢，左次手执蛇绳，全身皆眼，身以下乃龙形，作蜿蜒状。眷属有四位东嫫、罗侯廿八星宿、豺狼、黑狗、八部傲慢魔军。

丹坚护法

又名金刚善护法，藏名单金多杰列巴，意即具誓金刚善，于莲花生大士入藏时，奉金刚手菩萨口敕，化身为铁匠，密护佛法，驻守贡噶雪山，为莲师之事业护法，护持世间法成就，是宁玛派三不共护法之一。此尊所显现的不一，骑狮子者较为寂静，骑山羊者则较忿怒。

多杰列巴一面二臂三目，黄发卷曲，头戴藏铠兵帽，三目赤红圆睁，须眉如火炽，露牙卷舌相。右手高举天铁金刚杵扬于虚空，左手执魔心作噉食状，身穿藏袍大褂，足蹬藏鞋，跨坐于雪山青毛白狮之上，安住于般若智焰中央。

此尊威力极大，无敌不摧，可破邪魔外道符咒，降魔于瞬刻之间。

紫玛护法

又名夜叉紫玛热、妖红怪子，为藏地最凶猛的赞与魔相配后所生之子。原为西藏原始苯教之护法神，猛力夜叉军之首领，在莲师到达西藏后将其降伏，坚守护卫佛陀教法之誓言，听从莲花生大士的调遣，保护莲师宁玛巴传承的教法事业及其弟子，为宁玛巴不共的大力智慧护法。

身为三界众生司命主的紫玛热护法，既是夜叉财神，亦兼冥界判官，更是大悲怙主观自在菩萨的化身，大力马头明王的慈悲之化现，外显极忿怒相，内怀彻骨大悲！身为夜叉军之首领的紫玛护法神，摧魔降伏之力威猛无比，能刹那间围绕三界抛出红索，勾招怨敌之魂魄刺与燃烧之（赞）矛。

虔诚供养祈祷紫玛热护法者必将迅速获得此生的财富、权力，增上运气等种种顺缘，来生也会得到种种顺利和殊胜助缘，更可得到出世间的解脱成就。

华佗，东汉末医学家。名旉，字元化。汉未沛国谯（今安徽亳县）人。华佗一生行医各地，声誉颇著，在医学上有多方面的成就。他精通内、外、妇、儿、针灸各科，尤擅外科，曾用“麻沸散”施剖腹术，为世界医学史上最早之全身麻醉。华佗很重视疾病的预防，强调体育锻炼以增强体质，模仿虎、鹿、熊、猿、鸟的动作和姿态，创造了一种“五禽之戏”，用以锻炼身体。五禽戏是以体育活动为主、与气功结合的健身运动。三国时，他医术全面，尤其擅长于外科，精于手术，被后人称为外科圣手、外科鼻祖。

华佗名言

一、人体欲得劳动，但不当使极耳，动摇则谷气得消，血脉流通，病不得生。譬如户枢，终不朽也。

二、夫痈疽疮肿之所作也，皆五脏六腑，畜毒不流则生矣，非独因荣卫塑塞而发者也。

三、虚则补之，实则泻之，寒则温之，热则凉之，不虚不实，以经调之，此乃良医之大法也。

四、凡人五脏六腑，荣卫关窍，宜平生，气血顺度，循环无终，是为不病之本，若有缺绝，则祸必来矣。

五、饥饱无度则伤脾，思虑过度则伤心，色欲过度则伤肾，起居过常则伤肝，喜怒悲愁过度则伤肺。

六、人生气健壮者，外色光华，内脉平调。五脏六腑之气消耗.则脉无所依，色无所泽，如是者，百无一生。

七、知人者有验于天，知天者必有验于人。

八、人之寒热往来者，其病何也?此乃阴阳相胜也。阳不足则先寒后热，阴不足则先热后寒。

九、阳候多语，阴症无声，多语者易济，无声者难荣，阳病则旦静，阴病则夜宁。

Vesak is one of the most important Buddhist festivals. It is also known as Wesak or Buddha Day.

It is a celebration of Buddha’s birthday and, for some Buddhists, marks his enlightenment (when he discovered life’s meaning). 

It is also a time to reflect on his teachings and what it means to be Buddhist.

Buddhism, like most of the great religions of the world, is divided into a number of different traditions. However, most traditions share a common set of fundamental beliefs.
One central belief of Buddhism is often referred to as reincarnation — the concept that people are reborn after dying. In fact, most individuals go through many cycles of birth, living, death and rebirth. A practicing Buddhist differentiates between the concepts of rebirth and reincarnation.
In reincarnation, the individual may recur repeatedly. In rebirth, a person does not necessarily return to Earth as the same entity ever again. He compares it to a leaf growing on a tree. When the withering leaf falls off, a new leaf will eventually replace it. It is similar to the old leaf, but it is not identical to the original leaf.
Buddhism is a philosophy of life expounded by Gautama Buddha (“Buddha” means “enlightened one”), who lived and taught in northern India in the 6th century B.C. The Buddha was not a god and the philosophy of Buddhism does not entail any theistic world view. The teachings of the Buddha are aimed solely at liberating sentient beings from suffering.

The Basic Teachings of Buddha which are core to Buddhism are:
• The Three Universal Truths;
• The Four Noble Truths; and
• The Noble Eightfold Path.

THE THREE UNIVERSAL TRUTHS

1. Nothing is lost in the universe
2. 2. Everything Changes
3. The Law of Cause and Effect

In Buddhism, the law of karma, says “for every event that occurs, there will follow another event whose existence was caused by the first, and this second event will be pleasant or unpleasant according as its cause was skillful or unskillful.” Therefore, the law of Karma teaches that the responsibility for unskillful actions is borne by the person who commits them.

After his enlightenment, the Buddha went to the Deer Park near the holy city of Benares and shared his new understanding with five holy men. They understood immediately and became his disciples. This marked the beginning of the Buddhist community. For the next forty-five years, the Buddha and his disciples went from place to place in India spreading the Dharma, his teachings. Their compassion knew no bounds; they helped everyone along the way, beggars, kings and slave girls. At night, they would sleep where they were; when hungry they would ask for a little food.
Wherever the Buddha went, he won the hearts of the people because he dealt with their true feelings. He advised them not to accept his words on blind faith, but to decide for themselves whether his teachings are right or wrong, then follow them. He encouraged everyone to have compassion for each other and develop their own virtue: “You should do your own work, for I can teach only the way.”

Once, the Buddha and his disciple Ananda visited a monastery where a monk was suffering from a contagious disease. The poor man lay in a mess with no one looking after him. The Buddha himself washed the sick monk and placed him on a new bed. Afterwards, he admonished the other monks: “Monks, you have neither mother nor father to look after you. If you do not look after each other, who will look after you? Whoever serves the sick and suffering, serves me.”
After many such cycles, if a person releases their attachment to desire and the self, they can attain Nirvana. This is a state of liberation and freedom from suffering.

The three trainings or practices
These three consist of:

1. Sila: Virtue, good conduct, morality. This is based on two fundamental principles: The principle of equality: that all living entities are equal. The principle of reciprocity: This is the “Golden Rule” in Christianity – to do unto others as you would wish them to do unto you. It is found in all major religions.
2. Samadhi: Concentration, meditation, mental development. Developing one’s mind is the path to wisdom which, in turn, leads to personal freedom. Mental development also strengthens and controls our mind; this helps us maintain good conduct.
3. Prajna: Discernment, insight, wisdom, enlightenment. This is the real heart of Buddhism. Wisdom will emerge if your mind is pure and calm.
   

The first two paths listed in the Eightfold Path, described below, refer to discernment; the last three belong to concentration; the middle three are related to virtue.

THE FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS
The Buddha’s Four Noble Truths explore human suffering. They may be described (somewhat simplistically) as:

1. Dukkha: Suffering exists: Life is suffering. Suffering is real and almost universal. Suffering has many causes: loss, sickness, pain, failure, and the impermanence of pleasure.
2. Samudaya: There is a cause of suffering. Suffering is due to attachment. It is the desire to have and control things. It can take many forms: craving of sensual pleasures; the desire for fame; the desire to avoid unpleasant sensations, like fear, anger or jealousy.
3. Nirodha: There is an end to suffering. Attachment can be overcome. Suffering ceases with the final liberation of Nirvana (Nibbana). The mind experiences complete freedom, liberation and non-attachment. It lets go of any desire or craving.
4. Magga: In order to end suffering, you must follow the Eightfold Path. There is a path for accomplishing this.

The five precepts
These are rules to live by. They are somewhat analogous to the second half of the Ten Commandments in Judaism and Christianity — that part of the Decalogue which describes behaviors to avoid. However, they are recommendations, not commandments. Believers are expected to use their own intelligence in deciding exactly how to apply these rules:

1. Do not kill. This is sometimes translated as no harming or an absence of violence.
2. Do not steal. This is generally interpreted as including the avoidance of fraud and economic
   exploitation.
3. Do not lie. This is sometimes interpreted as including name calling, gossip etc.
4. Do not misuse sex. For monks and nuns, this means any departure from complete celibacy. For the laity, adultery is forbidden, along with any sexual harassment or exploitation, including that within marriage. The Buddha did not discuss consensual premarital sex within a committed relationship, thus, Buddhist traditions differ on this. Most Buddhists, probably influenced by their local cultures, condemn same-sex sexual activity regardless of the nature of the relationship between the people involved.
5. Do not consume alcohol or other drugs. The main concern here is that intoxicants cloud the mind. Some have included as a drug other methods of divorcing ourselves from reality — e.g. movies, television, and the Internet.

THE EIGHTFOLD PATH

The Buddha’s Eightfold Path consists of:
Panna: Discernment, wisdom:

1. Samma ditthi: Right Understanding of the Four Noble Truths. Right View is the true
   understanding of the four noble truths.
2. Samma sankappa: Right thinking; following the right path in life. Right Aspiration is the true desire to free oneself from attachment, ignorance, and hatefulness.
   These two are referred to as Prajna, or Wisdom.
   Sila: Virtue, morality:
3. Samma vaca: Right speech: No lying, criticism, condemning, gossip, harsh language. Right Speech involves abstaining from lying, gossiping, or hurtful talk.
4. Samma kammanta Right conduct or Right Action involves abstaining from hurtful behaviors, such as killing, stealing, and careless sex. These are called the Five Precepts.
5. Samma ajiva: Right livelihood: Support yourself without harming others. Right Livelihood means making your living in such a way as to avoid dishonesty and hurting others, including animals.
   These three are referred to as Shila, or Morality.
   Samadhi: Concentration, meditation:
6. Samma vayama: Right Effort: Promote good thoughts; conquer evil thoughts. Right Effort is a matter of exerting oneself in regards to the content of one’s mind: Bad qualities should be abandoned and prevented from arising again. Good qualities should be enacted and nurtured.
7. Samma sati: Right Mindfulness: Become aware of your body, mind and feelings. Right Mindfulness is the focusing of one’s attention on one’s body, feelings, thoughts, and consciousness in such a way as to overcome craving, hatred, and ignorance.
8. Samma samadhi: Right Concentration: Meditate to achieve a higher state of consciousness. Right Concentration is meditating in such a way as to progressively realize a true understanding of imperfection, impermanence, and non-separateness